As I tour the world helping Active Directory administrators, security professionals and auditors secure their Windows environment, I often get questions about privileged access. The questions usually are about how privileges are granted and how can an organization know if privileges are correct? These are great questions considering the onset of so many attacks on Windows in the past 5 to 7 years. It is important to see that privileged access is usually at the core of these attacks.

There are many ways to grant privileges in a Windows environment. Granting privileges is rather easy. Reporting and analyzing the current privileged access can be a bit harder. There is not a centralized location that an administrator or auditor can go to see the current privileged access. Understanding the different technologies and features that grant privileged access is the first step. Then, for each area where privileges can be granted, there are five steps that should be accomplished to ensure ongoing privileged access security. Those steps include:

-          Reporting on the current settings

-          Analyzing the settings to understand who has privileged access

-          Configuring the correct privileged access

-          Monitoring for changes to privileged access

-          Alerting, in real-time, for key privileged access changes

The technologies and features in a Windows environment that grant privileged access include:

-          Group membership

-          User rights

-          Delegation

-          Access control lists/Permissions

Group Membership

Depending on how the group is configured in the environment, it can have the highest level of privileges or just small amount of privileges. For example, the Domain Admins group has nearly the highest level of privileges within the entire Active Directory domain. Just by adding a user to this group grants this level of privilege. With groups, the most complex concept is to get the recursive group members. This would mean the users that are located in nested groups of the group.

There are plenty of reporting tools that can get group membership recursively. PowerShell by Microsoft and ADManager Plus by ManageEngine are two options.

User Rights

User Rights control global access over different aspects of a domain controller, server, or workstation. User Rights are configured using Group Policy, giving granular control over each computer individually. Therefore, each computer could have a unique set of User Rights, making the reporting and configuration of these settings difficult and time consuming.

There is a built-in tool, secpol.msc, which can report the current User Rights on each computer. The tool must be run locally, but it is extremely powerful and gives the precise configurations. Since each User Right provides some level of privilege over the computer, each and every User Right should be evaluated and configured to meet the minimum requirements for the server access.

Access Control Lists

Controlling access to files and folders are essential for assuring security of data within any organization. The access control lists for your key data need to be configured properly and assured they only provide access to the appropriate people. The wrong privileges granted to a file or folder could severely hurt or even destroy a company.

Reporting on who has access to a file or folder is a monumental task, due to the volume of files and folders on a typical network. Therefore, selection of the most important data must occur, then those selected files and folders can be the focus of the security hardening. There are many tools that can help report on data access control lists, but if you do not want to purchase a tool you can always use the built-in xcacls.exe tool.

Delegation

The concept of delegation falls under the category of access control lists, but is a specific term used for Active Directory and Group Policy management. Due to the complexity of Active Directory delegation, the configuration of the delegation is typically done through the Delegate Control Wizard. This wizard is located on the drop down menu for the domain node and each Organizational Unit in the Active Directory Users and Computers tool. The wizard defines which account (user or group) is granted a specific task. The most common tasks are resetting passwords for users and modifying group membership. Both of which has potential impressive security impact if the wrong account is granted the delegation.

The Delegate Control Wizard can only configure the delegations, it can’t report or remove delegations. Therefore, a different tool must be used for each task. The built-in dsacls.exe tool is ideal for reporting on delegations for each Active Directory node. As for modifications to existing delegations, that is typically left up to manual efforts performed on the Security tab located on the objects Property page.

Summary

Assuring that privileged access is understood, known, configured properly, and monitored is a huge step towards hardening security of your Windows environment. Without the correct reports, configurations or monitoring it is impossible to know what privileges are granted. Without the knowledge of privileged access you are leaving your organization open for an easy attack. However, with the correct tools in place to monitor and alert on changes to correct privileged access, there is little can sneak by you if an attack occurs.